Knapsack Problem: Inheriting from Set

Again for this example we will use a very simple problem, the 0-1 Knapsack. The purpose of this example is to show the simplicity of DEAP and the ease to inherit from anyting else than a simple list or array.

Many evolutionary algorithm textbooks mention that the best way to have an efficient algorithm to have a representation close the problem. Here, what can be closer to a bag than a set? Lets make our individuals inherit from the set class.

creator.create("Fitness", base.Fitness, weights=(-1.0, 1.0))
creator.create("Individual", set, fitness=creator.Fitness)

That’s it. You now have individuals that are in fact sets, they have the usual attribute fitness. The fitness is a minimization of the first objective (the weight of the bag) and a maximization of the second objective (the value of the bag). We will now create a dictionary of 100 random items to map the values and weights.

# Create the item dictionary: item name is an integer, and value is 
# a (weight, value) 2-uple.
items = {}
# Create random items and store them in the items' dictionary.
for i in xrange(NBR_ITEMS):
    items[i] = (random.randint(1, 10), random.uniform(0, 100))

We now need to initialize a population and the individuals therein. For this we will need a Toolbox to register our generators since sets can also be created with an input iterable.

creator.create("Fitness", base.Fitness, weights=(-1.0, 1.0))
creator.create("Individual", set, fitness=creator.Fitness)

toolbox = base.Toolbox()

# Attribute generator
toolbox.register("attr_item", random.randrange, NBR_ITEMS)

Voilà! The last thing to do is to define our evaluation function.

def evalKnapsack(individual):
    weight = 0.0
    value = 0.0
    for item in individual:
        weight += items[item][0]
        value += items[item][1]
    if len(individual) > MAX_ITEM or weight > MAX_WEIGHT:
        return 10000, 0             # Ensure overweighted bags are dominated
    return weight, value

Everything is ready for evolution. Ho no wait, since DEAP’s developers are lazy, there is no crossover and mutation operators that can be applied directly on sets. Lets define some. For example, a crossover, producing two child from two parents, could be that the first child is the intersection of the two sets and the second child their absolute difference.

def cxSet(ind1, ind2):
    """Apply a crossover operation on input sets. The first child is the
    intersection of the two sets, the second child is the difference of the
    two sets.
    """
    temp = set(ind1)                # Used in order to keep type
    ind1 &= ind2                    # Intersection (inplace)
    ind2 ^= temp                    # Symmetric Difference (inplace)
    

A mutation operator could randomly add or remove an element from the set input individual.

def mutSet(individual):
    """Mutation that pops or add an element."""
    if random.random() < 0.5:
        if len(individual) > 0:     # We cannot pop from an empty set
            individual.remove(random.choice(sorted(tuple(individual))))
    else:
        individual.add(random.randrange(NBR_ITEMS))

Note

The outcome of this mutation is dependent of the python you use. The set.pop() function is not consistent between versions of python. See the sources of the actual example for a version that will be stable but more complicated.

We then register these operators in the toolbox. Since it is a multi-objective problem, we have selected the SPEA-II selection scheme : selSPEA2()

toolbox.register("evaluate", evalKnapsack)
toolbox.register("mate", cxSet)
toolbox.register("mutate", mutSet)
toolbox.register("select", tools.selNSGA2)

From here, everything left to do is either write the algorithm or use provided in algorithms. Here we will use the eaMuPlusLambda() algorithm.

def main():
    NGEN = 50
    MU = 50
    LAMBDA = 100
    CXPB = 0.7
    MUTPB = 0.2
    
    pop = toolbox.population(n=MU)
    hof = tools.ParetoFront()
    stats = tools.Statistics(lambda ind: ind.fitness.values)
    stats.register("avg", tools.mean)
    stats.register("std", tools.std)
    stats.register("min", min)
    stats.register("max", max)
    
    algorithms.eaMuPlusLambda(pop, toolbox, MU, LAMBDA, CXPB, MUTPB, NGEN, stats,
                              halloffame=hof)
    
    return pop, stats, hof

Finally, a ParetoFront may be used to retrieve the best non dominated individuals of the evolution and a Statistics object is created for compiling four different statistics over the generations.

The complete example : [source code].